5^th World Congress on Petrochemistry and Chemical Engineering December 05-07, 2016 Phoenix, Arizona, USA

Osovetsky Boris M is a Professor of Mineralogy and Petrography department, the Leader of Nano-mineralogy Sector of Perm State University (with 2010). He deals with the problems of gold, platinum and diamond prospecting, as well as sedimentology, geo-environment, mineralogy, etc. He is the author of many books on Nanomineralogy of gold (“Nanosculpture of gold surface”, 2012; “Natural Nanogold”, 2013; and “Fine diamonds and their prospecting role”, 2014).

Some of the processes occurring in the environment and associated with migration of nanoparticles of metals can be considered as the natural nanotechnologies. Their detailed study will contribute to the future development of the industrial technologies, which are especially important for scarce and precious metals. As a priority it should highlight the problems of development of objects with nano gold. The discovery in Russia of a number of major gold deposits with so-called refractory ores (Olimpiadinskoe, Maiskoe, and Nezhdaninskoe) requires significant improvement in the technology of their development. Presumably, some of the gold in them is represented by nanometer-sized forms of occurrence. One of directions of solving this problem is the study of natural processes of nano gold concentration. It turned out that it is directly connected with the problem of “new” gold origin. We have shown growths of the newly formed metal on placer gold surface represent aggregates of nanoparticles deposited from ionic or colloidal solutions. Conditions required for mass deposition of “new” gold are favorable geological environment (weathering rocks of sulfide ore bodies with an abundance of nano-gold minerals-concentrators: Aspyrite, arsenopyrite, etc., tailings of the excavation of alluvial deposits, buried placers, etc.), uneven gold surface with numerous micro- and nano-defects, etc. As another option we can consider the natural process of amalgamation, which leads to the formation of aggregate grains composed of nanoparticles of mercury-bearing gold and cementing their amalgams. Finally, the natural processes of nano gold concentration can be implemented in environments where gold-bearing solutions migrate in the rocks containing natural sorbents of metal (carbonaceous substance, chlorides, ferriferous compounds, etc.). Natural nanotechnologies can be the basis for the creation of industrial technologies of development of deposits with nanoscale gold or recycling their wastes. Besides, the experimental studies play an important role. They confirm the high sorption capacity of gold nanoparticles and their tendency to aggregate.

Noureddine Ouerfelli has a PhD and Habilitation Diploma in Chemistry; he is a head of research project in the Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical technologies. He has published more than 45 papers in reputed journals on modeling of physicochemical properties in solution.

Knowledge and estimation of transport properties of fluids are necessary for mass flow and heat transfer. Viscosity is one of the main properties which are sensitive to temperature and pressure variation. In the present work, based on the use of statistical techniques for regression analysis and correlation tests, we propose an original equation modeling the relationship between the two parameters of viscosity Arrhenius-type equation (ln = lnAs + Ea/RT). Empirical validation using 90 data set of fluids provided from the literature and studied at different temperature ranges gives excellent statistical results which allow us to redefine the Arrhenius-type equation using a single parameter instead of two ones (E_a=λ•R(-〖lnA_s)〗^(α_0 )). More, causal correlation between these parameters and the normal boiling temperature (Tb) of the corresponding fluids leads us to propose two predictive empirical equations one with the activation energy (T_b (E_a)= -E_a/(68 - 4.05×〖Ea〗^0.34 )) and one with the logarithm of pre-exponential factor (T_b (lnA_s)= ((-〖lnA_s)〗^2.933)/(8.2 + lnA_s )). We conclude that the boiling temperature is in causal correlation with the two Arrhenius parameters, but with other physical and chemical properties implicitly for which there are some ones are common for the two Arrhenius parameters while others are in relationship only for a single parameter (lnAs) or (Ea). To correct this observation, we will try to suggest in future works, an expression both explicit, the two viscosity Arrhenius parameters Tb(Ea,lnAs) alternatively in the numerator and in the denominator. Note that this equation is tested to some heavy oils with reliable agreement for which we can conclude that it can be useful for petroleum chemistry.\r\n\r\nWhere TA / (K) is the Arrhenius temperature for each pure solvents defined by the following equation:\r\nT_A=(-〖 E〗_a)/Rln(A_s ) \r\n

Zlobina Olga has completed his PhD at the age of 43 years from Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics in the specialty lithology. She is senior research assistant IPGG Sedimentology laboratory. Over the past 5 years, she has published 33 scientific works, including 9 in reviewed journals, has participated with reports at 20 scientific conferences (including 11 international).

A skull and partial skeleton of Psittacosaurus sibiricus were discovered in the coastal cliff of the Kiya River near Shestakovo village in 1953. A major discovery was made in this outcrop in the end of 20th century. The lithological study of the nearby deposits provided the evidence of undisturbed burial of the group of dinosaurs confirmed by grain size distribution and mineralogical composition of the sediments, studied in different layers of the section. Rocks are represented by light-greenish, weakly cemented silty sandstone or sandy silt, without any inclusions. Particle-size distribution in the sample taken from the surface on which psittacosaurs were standing or lying, demonstrates perfect symmetrical monomodal spectrum (Fig. 1-a), which is the most typical for the sediments, formed on the continental shelf below the level of the lowest tide. Spectrum changes in the layer lying two centimeters above (Fig. 1-b). The distribution curve becomes asymmetrical. The rocks overlying the skeletal remains tend to be more poorly sorted (Fig. 1-c). The nature of the change of the curves indicates the input of coarser material into the sedimentation area from the deposits with distribution type close to symmetric. The breaking rocks probably also represented facies of the underwater coastal slope, outcropping onto the surface as a result of significantly lowered sea-level. The mineral composition of siltstone and sandstone from different sections appears to be identical, and it comprises calcite (36%) including pellets, outigenic cement and part of the clasts. Scanning electron microscopy investigation allows the determination of two types of the calcareous cement. The first one was formed in the process of sedimentation of crusts fouling on calcareous clastic grains as a result of biochemogenic precipitation of the microcrystalline calcite from seawater. The second - was formed during postsedimentary transformations by perecrystallization of the first type.

Zlobin Andrei is the student of the Novosibirsk State University, Department of Natural Science since 2014. Over the past 5 years, he has published 4 scientific works, participated with reports at 5 international scientific conferences. His main research interests are CVD (chemical vapour deposition) processes, geochemistry and geoecology.

Microelements analysis was performed to establish of the regularities in the distribution of petromaternal deposits in the Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous sections of Siberia. The study of the kerogen inclusions morphology with the spectral methods allowed the identification of a group of organisms (red algae, tunicates, radiolarians) which were not previously determined in the fossils. The association of bromine compounds is revealed in combination with zinc sulfide mineralization and iron to the allocation of a certain type of kerogen (Fig. 1). For a number of morphological traits, which were found, it is the remains of algae, similar to modern Polysiphonia arctica from Rhodomelaceae family. During the life these organisms accumulate trace elements, incrusting cell walls with salts of bromophenols. To speed up the creation of a strong framework, they synthesize phenates as a catalyst - replacement products in phenols of the hydroxyl group of hydrogen atoms by metal - Zn and Fe. In the rocks, also, the isometric fiber fragments were recorded, which looked like coalified plant detritus (with low hydrogen index). They are often accompanied by mineralization of barium compounds. Some modern organisms are able to concentrate barium: sea squirts that contain fiber (tunicates) and acantharians (skeleton of SrSO4). Morphology of kerogen inclusions in Upper Jurassic rocks is comparable to fiber fragments of sea squirts throat, in which the vertical folds of the shell from fiber form the gills, filled with longitudinal and transverse blood vessels. On the walls of blood vessels during the life calcium carbonates, magnesium and iron are precipitated. Organic sulfur from ascidian body after burial in the diagenetic changes associated with metals. The combination Ba, Sr and S (in the SEM spectra) at high concentrations of Pt probably indicates an acantharians residues. Ba [Pt (CN) 4] covering created the mechanism of protection against radiation.

Andrei Novikov is head of laboratory “Center for Nanodiagnostics” at Physical and Colloid Chemistry Department of Gubkin University (Moscow, Russia). His research interests include synthesis of metal nanoparticles, their characterization and various applications: estimation of size of surface defects, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, etc. Another field of his interest is biofuels research and lipid analysis of microorganisms, including chemotaxonomic studies.\r\n\r\n

Statement of the Problem: Transport of oil and gas by pipelines contributes to the final cost of these resources. Sufficient part of this cost is due to the risks of pipeline failure. Thus, pipelines have to be regularly checked for corrosion-induced defects. There are a lot of non-destructive testing (NDT) available for corrosion monitoring, but they suffer from numerous drawbacks: they are not applicable for rough surfaces, their contrast ability is low and a size-selective contrasting of nano-sized corrosion defects is unavailable. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: The surface defects can be contrasted by penetrants for their estimation by optical microscopy. If the penetrant will fill defects according to their size, it would be possible to estimate the size distribution of defects, corrosion rate, and, finally, to predict the pipeline’s lifetime. We used the noble metal nanoparticles as size-selective penetrant and observed the contrasted model defects using infrared excitation by femtosecond laser. Model defects were etched onto the sample by focused ion beam. Noble metal nanoparticles were synthesized in the 60 to 250 nm range using different wet chemistry methods. Findings: We found that surface defects of different size can be discriminated by size-selective contrasting. The selectivity was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and by laser scanning microscopy with infrared excitation. Most probably, the detected signal was due to the second harmonic generation and photoluminescence of nanoparticles. Conclusion & Significance: The use of nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution is important in order to ensure the accuracy of the method, so we have thoroughly studied the methods of synthesis of uniformly sized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of different size indeed provided the different signal intensity from model defects of different size. This method allows selectively contrasting of nanocracks with a different width by changing size of nanoparticles. Furthermore, it is possible to distinguish deep cracks from shallow surface defects.

Makhmut Renatovich Yakubov has completed his PhD from A E Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences. He is the Head of the Oil and Natural Bitumen Processing Laboratory. He has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals.

Heavy oils are characterized by high concentration of vanadium and nickel, with their total content comparable with commercially mined ores. Vanadium and nickel are concentrated in the asphaltenes-resin portion; the maximum amount of these metals is found in asphaltenes. Petroleum feedstock with a high vanadium and nickel content is unsuitable for catalytic refining processes. Vanadium and nickel significantly affect the thermal cracking and hydrodemetallization. Primary removal of the metals can be performed by deasphalting, and the main part of vanadium and nickel remains in the residue. However, the amount and ratio of the metals in the resulting products is usually estimated empirically; thus, it is impossible to predict these quantities in a feedstock of another composition. Trends in the vanadium and nickel concentrations in heavy oils asphaltenes in which the total content of these metals vary from 0.0049 to 0.1795 wt. % have been studied. It has been shown that as the vanadium and nickel content in heavy oils increases, vanadium concentrates faster than nickel in asphaltenes. In heavy oils, asphaltenes contain approximately 40-90% of total vanadium and 25-75% of total nickel. The summed concentration of vanadium and nickel in heavy oil asphaltenes can reach 1 wt %. The data on the vanadium and nickel content in asphaltenes shows that this parameter should be taken into consideration as it can predict the distribution of these metals during heavy oils processing in various conditions.