Petroleum Exploration & Petrochemical Processes
Petroleum Exploration & Petrochemical Processes the exploration and production of crude petroleum oil and gas. Petroleum is a fossilised mass that has accumulated below the earth’s surface from time immemorial. Raw petroleum is known as crude (petroleum) oil or mineral oil. It is a mixture of various organic substances and is the source of hydrocarbons, such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, and various other paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, the building blocks of today’s organic industry. Various petroleum products, such as gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricating oil, solvents, asphalts, waxes, and coke, are derived from refining crude oil. Many lighter hydrocarbons and other organic chemicals are synthesised by thermal and catalytic treatments of these hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon processing industry is basically divided into three distinct activities—petroleum production, petroleum refining, and petrochemical manufacture.
Production Technology and Separation Techniques
Production Technology and Separation Techniques Industrial gases are a group of gases that are specifically manufactured for use in a wide range of industries, which include oil and gas, petrochemistry, chemicals, power, mining, steelmaking, meals, environmental pollution, medicine, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food, water, fertilizers, nuclear power, electronics and aerospace. Their production is a part of the wider chemical Industry (where industrial gases are often seen as "speciality chemicals").The principal gases provided are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, hydrogen, helium and acetylene; although a huge variety of natural gases and mixtures are available in gas cylinders. The industry producing these gases is known as the industrial gases industry, which is seen as also encompassing the supply of equipment and technology to produce and use the gases. Whilst most industrial gas is usually only sold to other industrial enterprises; retail sales of gas cylinders and associated equipment to tradesmen and the general public are available through gas local agents and typically includes products such as balloon helium, dispensing gases for beer kegs, welding gases and welding equipment, LPG and medical oxygen.
Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Engineering In the oil and gas engineering industry, reservoir modelling involves the construction of a computer model of a petroleum reservoir, for the purposes of improving estimation of reserves and making decisions regarding the development of the field. A reservoir model represents the physical space of the reservoir by an array of discrete cells, delineated by a grid which may be regular or irregular. The array of cells is usually three-dimensional, although 1D and 2D models are sometimes used. Values for attributes such as porosity, permeability and water quality are associated with each cell. The value of each attribute is implicitly deemed to apply uniformly throughout the volume of the reservoir represented by the cell.
Field Management
Field Management The region in extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground. Because the oil reservoirs typically extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, full exploitation entails multiple wells scattered across the area. In addition, there may be exploratory wells probing the edges, pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support facilities. an oil field may be remote from civilization, establishing a field is often an extremely complicated exercise in logistics. This goes beyond requirements for drilling, to include associated infrastructure. . Also, excess natural gas may be burned off if there is no way to make use of it—which requires a furnace, chimney and pipes to carry it from the well to the furnace.
Geological Concepts
Geological Concepts Petroleum system is a core concept of petroleum geology-the study of oil and gas formation and exploration with its associated processes such as oil origin, occurrence, migration and their accumulation-which unifies interdependent processes and key elements in the formation of hydrocarbons. The formation of hydrocarbons involves processes such as trap formation, Generation-migration-accumulation of hydrocarbons and key elements which encompass source rock, reservoir rock, and seal or cap rock. Studying petroleum system helps petroleum geophysics and geochemists knowing and understanding the nature of the trap and petroleum region by basing on palaeontology, stratigraphy and sedimentology of a geographic region in order to identify petroleum system. A region is said to have a petroleum system if and only if there are a presence of oil or gas seep and oozes on area or in water, with the regardless of having big quantity. According to certainty of the potentiality of evidences, petroleum systems may be known as evident, hypothetical or speculative.
Chemical Reaction Engineering
Chemical Reaction Engineering Chemical reaction engineering is a specialty in chemical engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with chemical reactors. Frequently the term relates specifically to catalytic reaction systems where either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is present in the reactor. Sometimes a reactor per se is not present by itself, but rather is integrated into a process, for example in reactive separations vessels, retorts, certain fuel cells, and photo catalytic surfaces.
Organic and Inorganic chemistry applications
Organic and Inorganic chemistry applications Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, including some organometallo constituents, most notably complexing vanadium and nickel. Petroleum recovered from different reservoirs varies widely in compositional and physical properties. Long recognized as substrates supporting microbial growth, these hydrocarbons are both a target and a product of microbial metabolism. Biodegradation by microorganisms modifies waxy crude oils in beneficial ways, but conditions for down-hole applications require the use of thermophiles, resistant to organic solvents, with heat-stable enzymes and reduced oxygen requirements. A wide range of studies have dealt with biotransformation, biodegradation, and bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and interest in exploiting petroleum-degrading organisms for environmental clean-up has become central to petroleum microbiology.
Sustainable Energy
Sustainable Energy The energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat which are renewable. Sustainable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation. And a feedstock is defined as any renewable, biological material that can be used directly as a fuel, or converted to another form of fuel or energy product. Biomass feed stocks are the plant and algal materials used to derive fuels like ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, and other hydrocarbon fuels.
Oil, Gas, Coal, Tar & Fuels
Oil, Gas, Coal, Tar & Fuels Crude oil, coal and natural gas formed from the prehistoric matter of plants, animals, zooplankton and other life that was buried sometimes miles deep inside the Earth and subjected to high temperatures and high pressure over millions of years. These three so-called fossil fuels include a wide assortment of carbon-based substances and by-products of petroleum refining. Humans have known about petroleum, or crude oil, from centuries, but the substance wasn’t considered terribly interesting until the mid-1800s, when it was distilled into kerosene and found to be a good, cheap alternative to burning whale oil in oil lamps. At that time, only the wealthiest could afford whale oil, which was preferred over candles or animal fats. Americans and others worldwide quickly adopted petroleum and learned to make an unending stream of useful products from it. Simultaneously, a worldwide obsession with striking oil was born.
Safety and Environmental protection
Safety and Environmental protection Oil industry holds a major potential of hazards for the environment, and may impact it at different levels: air, water, soil, and consequently all living beings on our planet. Within this context, the most widespread and dangerous consequence of oil and gas industry activities is pollution. Pollution is associated with virtually all activities throughout all stages of oil and gas production, from exploratory activities to Refining Crude. Wastewaters, gas emissions, solid waste and aerosols generated during drilling, production, refining (responsible for the most pollution) and transportation amount to over 800 different chemicals, among which, of course, prevail oil and petroleum products. Other environmental impacts include intensification of the greenhouse effect, acid rain, poorer water quality, groundwater contamination, among others. The oil and gas industry may also contribute to biodiversity and conservation loss as well as to the destruction of ecosystems that, in some cases, may be unique.
Industry Issues
Industry Issues the energy industry is the totality of all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy, including fuel extraction, manufacturing, refining and distribution. Modern society consumes large amounts of fuel, and the energy industry is a crucial part of the infrastructure and maintenance of the petroleum industry including oil companies, petroleum refiners and fuel. To overcome the challenges of recovering oil and gas from increasingly difficult reservoirs and deeper waters, the North Sea has developed a position at the forefront of offshore engineering, particularly in subsea technology. Often recovery from these fields is achieved by subsea developments tied back to existing installations and infrastructure, over varying distances measured in tens of kilometres. Innovative technology is also a critical component in the recovery of reserves from high pressure, high temperature, heavy crude oil and deep water fields.
Related Sciences
Related Sciences Study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to the specific set of geological disciplines. Evaluation of the source uses the methods of geochemistry to quantify the nature of organic-rich rocks which contain the precursors to hydrocarbons, such that the type and quality of expelled hydrocarbon can be assessed. Rock analysis is required to to determine the likelihood of organic-rich sediments having been deposited in the past which depends on studies of the local stratigraphy, paleogeography and sedimentology.
New Concepts and Innovations
New Concepts and Innovations Without continuous technological innovation, further energy savings will become increasingly difficult to attain. While petrochemical producers have made huge progress in energy reduction, they have almost reached a physical limit where any further reduction would not be of the same proportions as that already achieved. To continue the momentum of energy savings, the petrochemical sector is focusing on creating products with enhanced performance which in turn reduce energy consumption during their lifetime. Such examples include: Insulation in construction; lightweight plastics used in cars and transportation; solar panels; wind mills and water purification systems among many others.
Petrochemical Markets:
Petrochemical Markets provides detailed supply, demand and price forecasts of the key petrochemical feedstock naphtha along with an overview of the petrochemicals market including ethylene, propylene, benzene and paraxylene. The service also provides analysis on cracking economics, arbitrage economics, refinery and petrochemical facility turnarounds and their impacts on regional balance. Clients make confident decisions based on actionable insight from HIS Energy’s in-depth knowledge of market forces and political developments that drive petrochemical feedstock market combined with deep quantitative detail and extensive industry experience.
Petrochemical Market analysis:
Petrochemicals are an essential part of commodities used in daily lives. They are used in various end-use industries, ranging from manufacturing to consumer goods. Petrochemicals are chemical compounds derived from petroleum and other hydrocarbons, which are obtained from crude oil and natural gas. They are primarily used as chemical building blocks for a variety of materials and applications. Rising demand for petrochemicals in major end-use industries coupled with favourable operating conditions, primarily in the Middle East and Asia Pacific, is expected to drive the global market for petrochemicals from 2013 to 2030. Demand for bio-based chemicals is increasing due to growing consumer awareness and benefits associated with their usage. Investment in bio-based chemicals in the public sector (including national laboratories and universities) and commercial sector (including large multinational corporations) is anticipated to increase in the near future. Therefore, this trend is estimated to hamper the petrochemicals market. Additionally, volatility in prices of crude oil & natural gas is likely to inhibit market growth. However, rising shale gas discoveries, primarily in North America (including the U.S. and Canada) is benefitting petrochemical producers, since shale gas is considered a substitute feedstock that is used in the manufacture of petrochemicals.
The report provides analysis and forecast for the global petrochemicals market in terms of volume (million tons) and revenue (US$ Bn) from 2013 to 2020. The study segments the market based on product type into ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, xylene, toluene, vinyls, styrene and methanol. The report further analyzes each product type based on their application and region from 2013 to 2030. The report also includes estimates and forecast of demand for petrochemicals in major geographical regions including North America, Europe, China, Rest of Asia Pacific, the Middle East & Africa, and Latin America. The market size and forecast for each region has been provided for the period from 2013 to 2020 along with the CAGR (%) for the forecast period between 2014 and 2020. All product segments are forecast for the period from 2013 to 2020 in terms of volume (million tons) and revenue (US$ Bn).
The report also comprises a detailed value chain analysis that offers a comprehensive view of value addition at each stage of the value chain. The value chain of petrochemical is significantly integrated, both from the downstream and the upstream perspective. It is dominated by refineries that process raw crude oil, natural gas and coal to manufacture olefins and aromatics through fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. The study includes Porter’s Five Forces model, which analyzes the existing competition, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat from substitutes, and threat from new entrants. The report includes drivers and restraints affecting the growth of the petrochemicals market, and the impact of these factors on the market in the near future. Additionally, it provides opportunities for the petrochemicals market on the global level during the forecast period. The report also includes market shares of major companies operating in the global petrochemicals market. It also provides market attractiveness of petrochemicals. The market attractiveness analysis is based on various factors such as market size of each product, growth rate during the forecast period, demand for downstream products, and government and environmental regulations.
The report comprises company profiles of major players in the market. These profiles cover parameters such as company overview, product portfolio, financial overview, business strategies, and recent developments. Major players analyzed in the report include BASF SE, ExxonMobil, The Dow Chemical Company, Shell Chemical Company, SABIC, Sinopec Limited, LyondellBasell Industries, Total S.A., Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd., Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC and E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
